Thyroid Cancer
Our thyroid cancer specialists in New York are here for you. Our team of endocrine doctors near you are dedicated to supporting your success and ensuring that you regain your metabolic health and overall wellness.
What Is Thyroid Cancer?
Thyroid cancer begins when abnormal cells develop in the thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam’s apple. This gland plays a vital role in regulating heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight by producing essential hormones.
In its early stages, thyroid cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. However, as it grows, it can lead to signs such as a lump or swelling in the neck, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, hoarseness or voice changes, persistent throat or neck pain, and difficulty swallowing or breathing. Evaluation typically involves physical examination (checking for lumps), ultrasonography, fine-needle aspiration biopsy, and blood tests (to check thyroid function and tumor markers).
There are several types of thyroid cancer, with most growing slowly and responding well to treatment. However, some forms can be more aggressive. Fortunately, the majority of thyroid cancers are highly treatable and often curable.
What Are the Types of Thyroid Cancer?
Differentiated Thyroid Cancers
These cancers originate from follicular cells, which produce and store thyroid hormones. Under a microscope, differentiated thyroid cancer cells resemble normal thyroid cells.
Papillary Thyroid Cancer.The most common type (about 80% of cases), typically affecting individuals between 30 and 50. Most cases are small and treatable, even if cancer spreads to the neck’s lymph nodes. However, a small subset can be aggressive, growing into nearby structures or spreading to other parts of the body.
Follicular Thyroid Cancer. A rarer type, often found in individuals over 50. It rarely spreads to lymph nodes but can metastasize to the lungs and bones, particularly in aggressive cases.
Hurthle Cell Thyroid Cancer. Once considered a variant of follicular thyroid cancer, this type behaves differently and requires distinct treatments. It is more aggressive and can invade neck structures or spread to distant areas.
Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. A rare and more aggressive form of differentiated thyroid cancer that often does not respond well to standard treatments.
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
A highly aggressive, fast-growing, but rare form (about 1%) anaplastic thyroid cancer is difficult to treat. It primarily affects people over 60 and can cause rapid neck swelling, leading to difficulty breathing and swallowing. While challenging to manage, treatments can help slow disease progression.
Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC)
This rare cancer originates from C cells, which produce the hormone calcitonin. Elevated calcitonin levels can signal MTC in its early stages. Some cases are linked to inherited mutations in the RET gene, which can increase the risk of other cancers, such as adrenal gland cancer and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2).
Other Rare Thyroid Cancers
Thyroid Lymphoma. A cancer that starts in immune system cells within the thyroid.
Thyroid Sarcoma. A cancer that develops from the thyroid’s connective tissue.
What Are the Causes of Thyroid Cancer?
Thyroid cancer occurs when cells in the thyroid undergo DNA mutations. DNA contains instructions that regulate cell growth and function. These mutations cause cells to multiply rapidly and continue living when healthy cells would normally die. As a result, the abnormal cells accumulate, forming a tumor.
The tumor may grow and invade nearby tissues, spreading (metastasizing) to the lymph nodes in the neck. In some cases, cancer cells can spread beyond the neck to the lungs, bones, and other parts of the body.
For most thyroid cancers, the exact cause of these DNA mutations remains unknown, but certain risk factors include: radiation (especially in childhood), family history of thyroid cancer or genetic syndromes, iodine deficiency or excess, gender (more common in women), and age (often diagnosed in people between 30-60 years old).
What Are the Treatments and Therapies for Thyroid Cancer?
Thyroid cancer treatment options depend on the type, stage, and aggressiveness of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Common treatment options include:
Surgery (thyroidectomy, partial or total removal of the thyroid)
Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy (to destroy remaining cancer cells)
Hormone therapy (to prevent recurrence)
Targeted therapy or chemotherapy (for advanced cases)
External radiation therapy (for aggressive or inoperable cases)
Most thyroid cancers, especially papillary and follicular types, have a high survival rate and good prognosis when diagnosed early. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are essential to ensure successful treatment and prevent recurrence.
How Can Well by Messer Help You with Thyroid Cancer?
The endocrinologists at Well by Messer are experienced in diagnosing and treating thyroid cancer. They utilize advanced diagnostic tools, such as endocrine neck ultrasound, to accurately assess thyroid abnormalities. Dr. Caroline Messer, the founder, is board-certified in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, with additional certifications in Clinical Densitometry and Endocrine Neck Ultrasound.
Understanding that thyroid cancer treatment often requires a multidisciplinary approach, Well by Messer coordinates care with a team of specialists, including internists, dietitians, psychologists, and personal trainers. This collaborative effort ensures that all aspects of a patient's health are addressed, from medical treatment to nutritional support and mental well-being.
Meet the Well by Messer (WBM) Team
Under the leadership of top endocrinologist in New York, Dr. Caroline Messer, our caring and talented team of board-certified endocrinologists, gynecologists, psychologists, nutritionists, and personal trainers will be dedicated to supporting your success and regaining your metabolic health at our metabolic centers in Manhattan.
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